The U.S. financial system remained resilient early this yr, with a powerful job market fueling sturdy client spending. The difficulty is that inflation was resilient, too.

Gross home product, adjusted for inflation, elevated at a 1.6 p.c annual price within the first three months of the yr, the Commerce Division said on Thursday. That was down sharply from the three.4 p.c development price on the finish of 2023 and fell effectively in need of forecasters’ expectations.

Economists had been largely unconcerned by the slowdown, which stemmed principally from massive shifts in enterprise inventories and worldwide commerce, parts that usually swing wildly from one quarter to the subsequent. Measures of underlying demand had been considerably stronger, providing no trace of the recession that forecasters spent a lot of final yr warning was on the way in which.

“It will counsel some moderation in development however nonetheless a stable financial system,” stated Michael Gapen, chief U.S. economist at Financial institution of America. He stated the report contained “few indicators of weak spot general.”

However the stable development figures had been accompanied by an unexpectedly speedy acceleration in inflation. Shopper costs rose at a 3.4 p.c annual price within the first quarter, up from 1.8 p.c within the last quarter of final yr. Excluding the unstable meals and power classes, costs rose at a 3.7 p.c annual price.

Taken collectively, the first-quarter knowledge was the newest proof that the Federal Reserve’s efforts to tame inflation have stalled — and that the celebration in monetary markets over an obvious “tender touchdown” or mild slowdown for the financial system had been untimely.

“It will increase the probabilities of a more durable touchdown,” stated Constance L. Hunter, an economist at MacroPolicy Views, a forecasting agency. “The inflation knowledge was the shock.”

At a minimal, cussed inflation is more likely to imply that the Fed will wait no less than till fall to start reducing rates of interest. Some forecasters assume it’s doable that policymakers gained’t simply preserve charges “increased for longer,” as traders have been anticipating for a number of weeks now, however would possibly truly elevate them additional.

“It’s a enormous shift as a result of unexpectedly ‘increased for longer’ may imply one other hike,” stated Diane Swonk, chief economist at KPMG. For now, she stated, the Fed is caught in “financial coverage purgatory.”

Monetary markets fell on the information. The S&P 500 index ended the day down about half a proportion level, and yields on authorities bonds rose as traders anticipated that borrowing prices will stay excessive.

Buyers aren’t the one ones who may endure if rates of interest stay excessive. There are mounting indicators that prime borrowing prices are weighing on People’ monetary well-being. Shoppers saved simply 3.6 p.c of their after-tax revenue within the first quarter, down from 4 p.c on the finish of final yr and greater than 5 p.c earlier than the pandemic.

The indicators of pressure are significantly acute for lower-income households. They’ve more and more turned to bank cards to afford their spending, and with rates of interest excessive, extra of them are falling behind on their funds.

“There’s a sense that lower-end households are more and more stretched proper now,” stated Andrew Husby, senior U.S. economist at BNP Paribas.

But regardless of these strains, client spending, within the mixture, reveals little signal of cooling down. Spending rose at a 2.5 p.c annual price within the first quarter, solely modestly slower than in late 2023, and spending on companies like journey and leisure truly accelerated.

Spending has been pushed significantly by wealthier customers, whose low debt and fixed-rate mortgages have insulated them from the consequences of upper rates of interest, and who’ve benefited from a inventory market that was till lately setting information.

“Increased revenue households really feel very flush,” stated Brian Rose, senior economist at UBS. “They’ve seen such an enormous run-up within the worth of their home and the worth of their portfolios that they really feel like they’ll preserve spending.”

That presents a conundrum for the policymakers on the Fed: Their most important instrument for combating inflation, excessive charges, is doing little to tamp down spending by the rich whereas hurting poorer households. And but in the event that they minimize these charges, inflation may speed up once more.

Even so, forecasters stated the general financial image stays surprisingly rosy, particularly compared with the glum predictions of a yr in the past. Unemployment has remained low, job development has stayed sturdy and wages have continued to rise, all of which helped after-tax revenue to outpace inflation within the first quarter.

Companies stepped up their funding in tools and software program within the first quarter, a vote of confidence within the financial system. The housing market additionally rebounded, though that was due partly to a dip in mortgage charges that has since reversed.

Even one of many drags on development within the first quarter — a swelling commerce deficit — principally mirrored demand from america. Imports rose as People purchased extra items from abroad, whereas exports rose extra modestly.